Basic Models Of Word Retrieval - 1222 Words

during treatment caused in the capability to perform parallel semantic judgments on original semantic tasks. Theoretical models of naming Why does training more complex, atypical category items result in generalization to typical items, while the reverse training procedure which is training less complex an typical items does not affect production of atypical items?. To clarify the potential mechanisms underlying the effect of typicality treatment, it is useful to concisely review theoretical models of word retrieval. Majority theoretical models of naming agree that lexical access can be generally divided into two processes, specifically, semantic and phonological processes. These models, on the other hand fall along a range when addressing the details concerning to the relative timing of lexical access. One observation of naming suggests two chronological components to lexical access, namely lexical selection followed by phonological encoding (Butterworth, 1989, 1992; Levelt, 1989; Levelt, Roelofs,Meyer, 1999). A different observation of naming conjectures that lexical access can have two levels but not certainly two s tages (Dell, 1986; Humphreys, Riddoch, Quinlan, 1988). Hence, activation of a word during naming consists of at least two closely interacting levels which are activation of the semantic representation as well as activation of the phonological form of the target word. Some views also assume that perhaps an intermediate is activated, namely, lexeme level.Show MoreRelatedComputers And Conscious Problem Solving Essay1694 Words   |  7 Pagesstorage, and retrieval of information. I. Memory Models a. Information-processing models are analogies that compare human memory to a computer’s operations. b. To remember any event, we must: -get information into our brain, encoding - retain that information, storage - later get the information back out, retrieval c. Encoding- The processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning. d. Storage- The process of retaining encoded information over time. e. Retrieval- The processRead MoreAnalysis of Database Management and Information Retrieval Systems1102 Words   |  5 Pages1. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS) INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM (IRS) DBMS offer advance Data Modelling Facility (DMF) including Data Definition Language and Data Manipulation Language for modelling and manipulating data. IRS do not offer an advance DMF. Usually data modelling in IRS is restricted to classification of objects. Data Definition Language of DBMS is the capability to define the data integrity constraintsRead MoreUse Of Psychology And Counseling Centre1467 Words   |  6 Pagessuperior to that in read condition. Using a repeated measures design, subjects were exposed to 2 levels (conditions, namely, read condition and generate condition). After each condition, they were engaged in a simple recall task, remembering as many words as they could. This phenomenon is applied even across variations in encoding rules, timed or self-placed presentation and along with between and within subjects design. A number of potential explanatory principles are considered and their difficultiesRead MoreCognition And Teaching L2 And L21161 Words   |  5 PagesTeaching L1 and L2 Composition Academic writing is believed to be cognitively complex. Cognitive models have tended to define students’ writing in terms of problem-solving (cf. McCutchen, Teske, Bankston, 2008), and problem-solving has been conceptualized in terms of information processing. The contemporary cognitive process in composition is heavily influenced by Flower and Hayes(1981)’s Cognitive Process Model, which advocates for the evaluation of text in terms of the underlying function with respectRead MoreModels Of Theories Of Memory1235 Words   |  5 PagesEvaluate two models of theories of memory. This essay will evaluate two models of theories of memory. Memory can be defined as the persistence of learning over time via the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. Encoding is the process of categorizing incoming information through conscious effortful processing, rehearsal, or unconscious automatic processing. The storage process involves the retention of encoded information over time. Lastly, retrieval is the process of getting informationRead MoreEssay about The Human Memory Model1732 Words   |  7 Pagesencoding stage, a storage process, and a retrieval process, the human memory also tends to forget quite a bit of information. Psychologists have many general principles to help us improve our memory and learning how the memory works will enable us to develop new ways to increase memory recall. One of the most significant models of memory was the Shiffrin model, also known as the Modal Model, which was the work of Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin in 1968 (Mod al Model, n.d.). The study of the humanRead MoreSubjective Test Assessment Of Online Exams1474 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding and knowledge. This paper presents a survey on the effective techniques for subjective test assessment. In this, the answers are unstructured data which have to be evaluated. The evaluation is based on the semantic similarity between the model answer and the user answer. Different techniques are compared and a new approach is proposed to evaluate the subjective test assessment of text. Index terms: Subjective test assessment; Online examinations; Semantic Similarity; Evaluation. I. INTRODUCTIONRead MoreThe Effect Of Stimulating Brain Oscillations On Memory Performance1235 Words   |  5 Pagesfrequency and amplitude of oscillations to be alternated during stimulation, in a way that is less likely to entrain oscillations other than the intended frequency, making it a more specific technique to use (Herrmann, Rach, Neuling, Strà ¼ber, 2013). The basic assumption is that if oscillations are essential to a specific cognitive function, then using tACS to stimulate these oscillations should elicit that particular function (Sejnowski Paulsen, 2006). The current study will use tACS in order to monitorRead More The Reliability of Eyewitness Testimony Essay1329 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding of the reliability of eye witness testimony (EWT) as he suggested that recall is subject to personal interpretation dependent on our learnt or cultural norms and values- the way we make sense of our world. In other words, we tend to see and in particular interpret and recall what we see according to what we expect and assume is normal in a given situation. Bartlett tested this theory using different stories to illustrate that memory is an active processRead MoreTraining Evaluation : Light Of Gagne s Model And Return On Investment816 Words   |  4 PagesTraining Evaluation in Light of Gagne’s Model and Return on Investment The mistakes and pain that arise from ignorance can never be overemphasized. Likewise, knowledge can never be overemphasized. Knowledge is power. As a result, education (formal or informal) is a potent catalyst that delivers knowledge and provokes world change; it can make individuals become cleaver devils, or agents of constructive change. Even basic education in reading and writing can bring about a world of positive changes

The Sound of Silence Discussion Essays - 1237 Words

Dictionary.com defines silence, as being an absence of a sound or noise, but for John Cage this could not be farther from the truth. Most people would agree with the dictionary definition that no noise is silence but Cage believed that silence is sound. Cage was not only a great composer but is known for his odd perspective and philosophy on silence and sound. His unique outlook differs from many composers, he believed to let â€Å"sounds be themselves† and to not manipulate them (â€Å"John Cage- Music, Sound and Silence). As stated in the YouTube video of John Cage about silence he believes that music is one of those things that don’t mean anything and that we should let things be as they are. This theory differs from many composers, who wish to†¦show more content†¦Cage refuted these movements rather than following them, he had his own ideas and thoughts. Cage was influenced by others as well as certain philosophies and ways of thinking. Zen Buddhism was a big influence in Cage’s career. This influenced Cage’s thoughts on music and how it should be used to change the mind and soul. Cage wanted to â€Å"evoke stillness† in his life as well as show others how to do so (Prichett). He learned also from D.T. Suzuki, a known teacher of Zen Buddhism. Through this philosophy and the teachings of Suzuki, Cage brought about a true understanding of music where the listener creates their own illustration. Cage used Zen Buddhism to further understand music and how it works independently. Another of Cage’s influences is Merce Cunningham, who later became his life long partner. They met while Cage was working as a dance accompanist at UCLA in 1937. They were not only partners but also worked together. During this time the two experimented with different ideas involving percussion and dancers. He began to write music for percussion ensembles, which then resulted in using dancers as musicians (pritchet). They brought lif e to inanimate objects or object known to be â€Å"unmusical†. Cage illustrated through this that music comes from anything and everywhere. He illustrated that he was able to use people in music and make movement into sound. Cage saw music and sound in an unusual way, differentShow MoreRelatedMusic Is The Sounds And Lack Of Sounds Of A Musical Work1384 Words   |  6 Pagesthe sounds and lack of sounds of a musical work are organized. Throughout the past years, many professors of ethnomusicology and music in general have attempted to define exactly what music is. Although there was and is a lot of discussion on the matter, most researchers began with the notion that music is essentially organized sound. However, there are cases where sounds are organized but humans do not consider them as music. Some of these instances include speech, poetry, and natural sounds. DueRead MoreNoise Is The Unwanted Sound1231 Words   |  5 Pagesunwanted sound. With the development all aroun d the sources of unwanted sound are increasing day by day by knowingly or unknowingly. Hence the noise monitoring at two silence and two commercial zones in the Visakhapatnam city was carried out. The locations for Silence zone were ‘Sri Shanthi Ashram’ and ‘Biodiversity Park’ and for Commercial zones were ‘Purna Market’ and ‘Dabagarden’. The results show that the equivalent noise levels are higher in the both commercial zones than the both silence zonesRead MoreEssay on Spiral of Silence1738 Words   |  7 PagesPublic communication is very important when in a discussion with coworkers and such. The one weakness that some people run into is silence. The spiral of silence theory by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann explains why certain people fall under the pressure and seclude to silence. Silence may not always be a bad thing, but according to a study by Lucy J. MacGregor, the fact is that silence during a speech or conversation is absol utely bad. With this, silence while talking to a large group negatively affectsRead MoreA Short Story1418 Words   |  6 PagesVisibility down to a short distance, nothing else. This was not going to be easy, he thought. But he kept at it. Looking up after every few steps in the hope of seeing something. He had travelled quite some distance by now. At one point he heard the sound of someone approaching. He was surprised by how fast he fell flat on the ground. If he did not move, he would not be seen. He looked up to see two Enforcers moving past in conversation. He could not make out what they were saying but it did make himRead MoreThinking Is Dependent on Language720 Words   |  3 Pagesthe homes of subjects and the transcriptionists were asked to record every sound or space of silence exactly as the patient had stated by sound or silence (Low, 2006). Low followed these instructions by asking the participants to review the transcribed notes for accuracy which also gave subjects validation in that what the subject said and felt was important to the study (Low, 2006). Low found that to facilitate discussion between she and the subjects, she needed to develop what we might call aRead MoreCommunication As A Globalized Environment921 Words   |  4 Pagesone of humanity’s greatest tools â€Å"for understanding, cooperation and action† but it also can leave people confused and frustrated (Carmen Mircea, 2009). The Merriam Webster dictionary defines communication as â€Å"the act or process of using words, sounds, signs or behaviors to express or exchange information or to express ideas, thoughts feelings, etc., to someone else†. Effective communication in an international or multi-national setting is much more difficult than when communication occurs inRead MoreNarrative Essay - Original Writing1658 Words   |  7 PagesAbruptly and unexplainably, I was suddenly awoken from an exhaustive sleep. But, I don’t know how I was awoken. There was not a touch or sound. Just silence in the middle of the night. But, there I was; as awake and coherent as you are as you read this. I snapped up in bed, to a sitting position. There was an unexpected illuminating glow in the room. Everything was visible; the bed stand with the pink rose covered lamp. The tan overstuffed chair next to the bed with my blue flannel robe draped overRead MoreWhat Is A Innovant Strategy806 Words   |  4 PagesIn this discussion, a shared professional experience that ties into what is known as a dominant strategy (Thomas Maurice, 2010). In July 2016, I took part in a meeting concerning three firms, one firm was from Kentucky called Green Energy Plus, wholesale supply firm (Green Energy Plus, 2016). The second firm is called Natures Comfort an outdoor boiler company (2017) in which they had an innovated idea to modernize hotel room for a company called Choice Hotels (Choice Hotels, 2017). AlthoughRead More Goup Decision Making Essay1548 Words   |  7 PagesMany groups start out with--or quickly set up--a power structure that makes it clear that the chairman (or someone else in authority) will make the ultimate decision. The group can generate ideas and hold free discussion, but at any time the chairman may say that, having heard the discussion, he or she has decided upon a given plan. Whether this method is effective depends a great deal upon whether the chairman is a sufficiently good listener to have culled the right information on which to make theRead MoreThe School That I Would Give Temple University Essay1565 Words   |  7 Pagesmeant a lot of my classes were voice and sound related. I can’t begin to describe the weird sounds and phrases we had to produce with our mouths. Learning this way really helped because learning where my alveolar ridge is and how a specific sound, for example an alveolar tap, feels and sounds helped my understanding of my anatomy and the sound itself. This way of learning is by far much easier to comprehend than an anatomical explanation. For my Science of Sound class I even had to do a demonstration

Shakespeares Hamlet as a Tragedy Essay Example For Students

Shakespeares Hamlet as a Tragedy Essay Hamlet, the story of a young prince who seeks to revenge his fathers death by killing his uncle, Claudius, is one of the most favorite and complex Shakespearean tragedies. Hamlet is unsettled by Claudius taking over the throne and his mothers hasty remarriage but does nothing except verbalize this discontent. Encountering the ghost of his dead father, who tells Hamlet that he was murdered by Claudius, gives reason to Hamlet to seek revenge; however, Hamlet continually postpones his actions and, this being his tragic flaw, leads to his downfall. Shakespeares Hamlet is the classic example of a tragedy as defined by A. C. Bradley. Bradley says that a Shakespearean tragedy is the story of a hero who encounters significant suffering. The hero, a man of high status and an exceptional being who inspires fear or calamity in others, often compares himself or his situation to happier times and struggles with an internal dilemma. The tragic hero brings about his own downfall through his actions, or his tragic flaw, and his destruction affects those around him. Shakespeare also occasionally uses abnormal conditions of the mind, such as insanity, and includes the supernatural, such as ghosts. The supernatural elements are always placed in close relation to the hero and only confirm existing movement. Hamlets character is disturbed and unsettled by the recent events in his life. He is encouraged to cast thy nighted color off by his mother, Gertrude. He seems to be the only one mourning his fathers death; the rest of the kingdom is celebrating the wedding even though a funeral has passed less than two months ago. Hamlet slowly crumbles and we wonder if he has truly gone insane or is an extremely successful actor. Hamlets first soliloquy shows his discontent with his situation as he pleads, O God, God, / How weary, stale, flat , and unprofitable/ Seem to me all the uses of this world! He no longer finds joy in living and needs to find a way out. His psychological development, or degradation, is traced through his soliloquies, thus allowing the audience to understand Hamlets perception of himself. Hamlet even questions the reasons for Rosencrantzs and Guildensterns visit. He admits that he has of late lost all mirth, forgone all custom of exer-/ cises; and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition/ that this goodly frame, the earth, seems to me a sterile/ promontory. Hamlet knows that he has not been himself lately; he is able to play the sane and insane character amazingly well. The inclusion of a supernatural element here is in line with Bradleys description of a Shakespearean tragedy. The ghost is Hamlets father, therefore is in close relation to the character, and offers insight into the situation. As the ghost comes Hamlet exclaims, Be thou a spirit of health or goblin damned Bring with thee airs from heaven or blasts from hell Be they intents wicked or charitable, Thou comst in such a questionable shape (I. iv. 40-44) Hamlet is unsure about the identity of the ghost since he cannot know what is beyond death. He says to Hamlet that the serpent that did sting thy fathers life/ Now wears his crown. Claudius has indeed killed him Hamlets father, thereby confirming Hamlets suspicions, and demands revenge. Hamlets internal dilemma, arising from being forced into a role of avenging his fathers death, must be solved before Hamlet will be able to take action. His inner turmoil is obvious as he proclaims himself a rogue and peasant slave who could not force his soul so to his own conceit. He is unable to carry out revenge. Hamlets famous soliloquy in Act III also confirms his internal dilemma as he ponders suicide to end his pain. He questions himself asking Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer or to end life by suicide. He has a plan to test Claudius by asking the players to play something like the murder of my father before mine uncle. He will observe the reaction of Claudius to the plot and then decide his next action. .u5f4bf05f254bc62bd6fb83db3cacfd1f , .u5f4bf05f254bc62bd6fb83db3cacfd1f .postImageUrl , .u5f4bf05f254bc62bd6fb83db3cacfd1f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5f4bf05f254bc62bd6fb83db3cacfd1f , .u5f4bf05f254bc62bd6fb83db3cacfd1f:hover , .u5f4bf05f254bc62bd6fb83db3cacfd1f:visited , .u5f4bf05f254bc62bd6fb83db3cacfd1f:active { border:0!important; } .u5f4bf05f254bc62bd6fb83db3cacfd1f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5f4bf05f254bc62bd6fb83db3cacfd1f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5f4bf05f254bc62bd6fb83db3cacfd1f:active , .u5f4bf05f254bc62bd6fb83db3cacfd1f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5f4bf05f254bc62bd6fb83db3cacfd1f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5f4bf05f254bc62bd6fb83db3cacfd1f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5f4bf05f254bc62bd6fb83db3cacfd1f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5f4bf05f254bc62bd6fb83db3cacfd1f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5f4bf05f254bc62bd6fb83db3cacfd1f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5f4bf05f254bc62bd6fb83db3cacfd1f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5f4bf05f254bc62bd6fb83db3cacfd1f .u5f4bf05f254bc62bd6fb83db3cacfd1f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5f4bf05f254bc62bd6fb83db3cacfd1f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: William Shakespeare: Most Famous of All English Wr EssayHamlets internal dilemma, and his capricious state of mind, is further demonstrated during his confrontation with Polonius. He refers to Polonius as a fishmonger and seems to be talking nonsense. It can be argued that Hamlet feigns madness here because he is very logically able to deal with the players later when he decides to frame Claudius. Hamlets tragic flaw become painfully obvious here as he procrastinates until he is absolutely sure of Claudiuss guilt; it is not enough that the ghost confirmed Claudiuss guilt. He keeps waiting for some signal that never appears; in this way, Hamlets methodical ways only help lead to his downfall. His fatal decision to not kill Claudius in Act III, Scene III because he does not wish to send Claudius to heaven is the climax of the play and ensures Hamlets eventual demise. He want to murder Claudius when he is drunk asleep or in th incestuous pleasure of his bed so that his heels may kick at heaven, / And that his soul may be as damned and black / As hell, whereto it goes. Perhaps Hamlet has trouble with just the thought of killing another being and therefore delays in avenging his fathers death. Claudius, because of Hamlets inaction, now has the upper hand. After hearing of Poloniuss murder, he realizes Hamlet could have killed him had he been behind the curtain. He makes immediate plans to get rid of Hamlet by sending him to England, where he will be executed; this frees Claudius of any threat represented by Hamlet. This certainly is the first apparent step which leads to Hamlets downfall. Hamlet continues to reflect upon his inaction in Act IV where he realizes that thinking too precisely on th event is one part wisdom and ever tree parts coward. Hamlet sees himself as a coward for not killing Claudius in Act III. Hamlet, however, by a turn of fate, returns to Denmark, where Claudius concocts a final plan to get rid of Hamlet. Hamlets death is spurred by a duel, between himself and Laertes, where the sword is poisoned. All characters end up dead as the deceit ends. Hamlet has reached his end because of his tragic flaw. Hamlets irresolution destroys him and he was unable to avenge his fathers death. The tragedy of Hamlet shows how the inability to act and thinking to precisely on th event can be detrimental to some. Hamlet remains an enigmatic character throughout Hamlet in spite of the readers attempts to understand his multidimensional complexion. In this way, Shakespeare makes yet another statement about human condition in this tragic tale of revenge.

The story Everyday Use by Alice Walker Analysis Essay Example For Students

The story Everyday Use by Alice Walker Analysis Essay The story Everyday Use, is being told by a mother who describes herself as a big boned woman, with a second grade education. She had always had to do the work of a man to provide for her family. A mother of two girls with different views on the family culture. Dee, a light skinned girl with nice hair and a full figure. Dee has always scorned the way the family lived. She comes home to visit and wants to take back some of the family heritage, such as Grandma Dees quilts. Maggie, a dark skinned, slim and shy girl, who has never been away from home. Maggie has a different love for the family heritage she will continue to carry it on, like quilting. While Dee and Maggie lived in the same house growing up, they have different believes about their heritage. Two women sat in the yard awaiting a visit from the older daughter, Dee, and a man who may are may not be husband. Dee, was very hard on the familys way of life, has gone to college and now seems to be a distant memory. Her mother imagines of being reunited with her daughter on television. She visions the perfect reunion someone would tell her what a fine daughter she has raised. Dee would come out in tears embracing her mother and pinning and orchid on her dress. Maggie, who is not bright and bears scars from a server house fire many years ago still, remains intimidated by her glamorous sibling. We will write a custom essay on The story Everyday Use by Alice Walker Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Her mother was astonished; Dee arrive wearing an ankle-length, gold and orange dress, bracelets and gold earrings hanging down to her shoulders. Her hair it stand straight up like hair the wool on a sheepWalker 283. Dee greets her family with a Swahili good morning. Her companion offers a Muslim greeting and tries to show Maggie a ceremonial handshake that she does not understand. Dee mother tried to start a conversation with Dee by calling her name. Dee explain that shes change her name to Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo, because I couldnt bear it any longer, being named after the people who oppress meWalker 283. Wangero mother attempted to explain to her how far back her name go into the family history. Dee had been embarrass of her mothers house and possessions when she was younger the mother believe she was happy when the old house burn down, but now she seem to be happy with the old way of life. With her newfound joy with her cultural heritage, she takes photographs of the house, including her mom, sister, and a wandering cow. Dee, while eating, remembered she wanted to ask her mother if she could have the butter churn top whittled by her Uncle Buddy, do she may use it as a centerpiece for her table. Dee, after getting the churn top, she then ask for the dasher. Now her attention turns to a trunk at the  foot of her mothers bed. After she goes through the trunk, she returns with two quilts. The quilts become symbolic of the storys theme; in a sense, they represent the past of the women in the familyMaster Plots 733. Dee asks if she can have the quilts. Maggie in disbelief that Dee asked for the quilts slammed the kitchen door. The mother offers some other quilts that were in the trunk to her, she refused because the quilts because they were made with a machine. Then she tells Dee that she had promised the quilts to Maggie a wedding present. Dee tells her mother that Maggie would not appreciate the quilts and that she would use them in everyday use. Dees mother says she hope Maggie would use the quilts. The two sisters values concerning the quilt represent the two meaning approaches to art appreciation in our society. Art can be valued for financial and aesthetic reasons, or it can be valued for personal and emotional reasonsJokinen

The Renaissance and Religion

The Renaissance and Religion Background Information The renaissance is a very interesting era in the history of humanity. It is an era which has been associated with many discoveries and changes in the life of mankind. To have a clear picture of the significance of the renaissance it is better to slightly examine the way of life just before 1400.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Renaissance and Religion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Before 1400 and actually the early part of 1400, the Roman Catholic Church had a great influence on the society. The church was supreme in every way and commanded unrivalled authority on both religious issues and politics. The pope wielded immense influence on political leaders and kings likewise. What was communicated from the pope was final regardless of who the subject was.[1] The Catholic Church was the only church in the world and its branches were in many countries. It is also worth noting that the church was the wealthiest organization and this wealth was acquired by means which were later found to be unacceptable. Payment for services rendered by the church was very frequent actually there was not a single activity that the priest would preside over without any payment being done weather it was a funeral, baptism or any other. Selling of indulgence and some pieces of artwork representing saints was a common practice. This sounds ridiculous and this is where the Renaissance man comes in. The church had used some weird philosophy to tame the thinking of the society to view the pope and the church in general as divinely superior to them and that the pope had the power to determine whether a person could access heaven or not. With this nature of thinking people were subjected to a rigid way of life where everything started from and ended with the church.[2] The wakeup call The Renaissance period can be said to have stirred people to wake from some kind of sleep they were in. The renai ssance period was a time when humanism for the first time was experienced. It must be pointed out that renaissance was very secular but not necessarily evil as such. It has also been pointed out that the renaissance weakened the influence of the church but helped to spread it further; the roman church was weakened as reformations broke up all the over Europe. The renaissance was an invitation to reason and question issues about life the church was questioned about some of its practices and it was found wanting.[3] According to Kreis (2008), â€Å"the return to favor of the pagan classics stimulated the philosophy of secularism, the appreciation of worldly pleasures, and above all intensified the assertion of personal independence and individual expression.†[4]Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is recorded that man started to appreciate the pleasures of this world and less depended on supernatural teaching from the church. This period has often been described as the â€Å"germinal period of modernism†[5] with the Renaissance man being said to have â€Å"stood at a point midway between medieval supernaturalism and the modern scientific and critical attitude.†[6] The renaissance brought in great surprises to humanity as reasoning and thinking was put to test producing great works in the fields of â€Å"art, literature, exploration, mathematics, science and religion.†[7] People were able to think independently testing new ways and ideas which originated from their minds and not from the church. Some of the achievements of this period are still a great inspiration today for instance the great Mona Lisa was an art work of this period. The renaissance brought in secular thought to people helping to reduce the influence that the church had on their lives. Bibliography Kreis, Steven. â€Å"Lectures on Modern Europe Intellectual Hist ory.† The History Guide, 2008. Retrieved from: historyguide.org/intellect/humanism.html .Renaissance. â€Å"The Renaissance and the Church.† All About Renaissance Faires, n.d. Retrieved from: all-about-renaissance-faires.com/renaissance_info/catholic_church_in_the_renaissance.htm . Think. â€Å"Religion.† Oracle Think Quest, 2010. Retrieved from: http://library.thinkquest.org/C006522/religion/overview.php . Footnotes Renaissance, The Renaissance and the Church, (All About Renaissance Faires, n.d.) all-about-renaissance-faires.com/renaissance_info/catholic_church_in_the_renaissance.htm . Think, Religion, (Oracle Think Quest, 2010) http://library.thinkquest.org/C006522/religion/overview.php . This statement refers to the famous reformations which took place all over Europe for instance the efforts of Martin Luther the reformist helped a lot to show that the church was misleading the congregation. Kreis, Steven, Lectures on Modern Europe Intellectual History, (The History Guide, 2008). historyguide.org/intellect/humanism.html . Kreis, Steven, Lectures on Modern Europe Intellectual History, (The History Guide, 2008). historyguide.org/intellect/humanism.html . Kreis, Steven, Lectures on Modern Europe Intellectual History, (The History Guide, 2008). historyguide.org/intellect/humanism.html . Think, Religion, (Oracle Think Quest, 2010) http://library.thinkquest.org/C006522/religion/overview.php .

Definition, Insights and Examples of Dramatic Irony

Definition, Insights and Examples of Dramatic Irony Dramatic irony, also known as tragic irony, is an occasion in a play, film, or other work in which a characters words or actions convey a meaning unperceived by the character but understood by the audience. Nineteenth-century critic Connop Thirlwall is often credited with developing the modern notion of dramatic irony, although the concept is ancient and Thirwall himself never used the term.   Examples and Observations Dramatic irony is profoundly visible in works of tragedy; in fact, dramatic irony is sometimes equated with tragic irony. For example, in Sophocles Oedipus Rex, the audience clearly detects long before he does that Oedipus acts are tragic mistakes.  In theater, dramatic irony  refers to a situation in which the audience has knowledge denied to one or more of the characters on stage. In the above example of dramatic irony, the audience is aware that a characters actions or words will ​bring about his downfall long before the character realizes it.In A Series of Unfortunate Events: The Bad Beginning and the Reptile Room, Lemony Snicket says, Simply put, dramatic irony is when a person makes a harmless remark, and someone else who hears it knows something that makes the remark have a different, and usually unpleasant, meaning. For instance, if you were in a restaurant and said out loud, I cant wait to eat the veal marsala I ordered, and there were people around who knew that the veal marsala was poisoned and that you would die as soon as you took a bite, your situation would be one of dramatic irony. The function of dramatic irony is to sustain the readers interest, pique curiosity, and create a contrast between the situation of the characters and the episode that ultimately unfolds. This leads to the audience waiting in fear, anticipation, and hope, waiting for the moment when the character learns the truth behind the events of the story. Readers end up sympathizing with the main characters, hence the irony.In Francois Trauffauts Hitchcock, Alfred Hitchcock is quoted as saying, Let us suppose that there is a bomb underneath this table between us. Nothing happens, and then all of a sudden, Boom! There is an explosion. The public is surprised, but prior to this surprise, it has seen an absolutely ordinary scene, of no special consequence. Now, let us take a suspense situation. The bomb is underneath the table and the audience knows it, probably because they have seen the anarchist place it there. The public is aware that the bomb is going to explode at one o’clock and there is a clock in the decor. The public can see that it is a quarter to one. In these conditions, this same innocuous conversation becomes fascinating because the public is participating in the scene. The audience is longing to warn the characters on the screen: You shouldn’t be talking about such trivial matters. There’s a bomb beneath you and it’s about to explode! Also See IronySituational IronyVerbal IronyWhat Is Irony?

Social Work Value and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Social Work Value and Ethics - Essay Example It would also not be fair to say that the managers are interested in money as managing something lesser or bigger need to be as per the budget and no manager can over shoot the budget despite the fact that the required service has been made by the needy (Backett, & Manyard, 2005). So, in order to continue with the balancing act which means giving priority to service user needs and interests but at the same time giving equal importance to the existence and role of others involved, a social worker should concentrate more on providing able assistance to those who need services. They shouldn't make promises of something which is beyond their purview. The worker should try to understand the need of Arthur and then convey it to the authorities who could be instrumental in getting a solution as soon as possible. Also, the worker should keep Arthur updated with the various steps of procedures of a requisition and the possible time frame for getting the same. A straight forward promise and not keeping the same and at the same time blaming others would diminish the hope generated into minds of the sufferer. The whole purpose of community service gets lost if the social worker couldn't maintain the hope ignited. Case: As a social worker, I am against abortion and some client wishes to discuss having an abortion. In a case, a pregnant 16-year-old girl, abruptly left home and made arrangements for an abortion. The Court sympathized with both the parents and their daughter in this painful dispute. Nonetheless, the legal issue was clear ' could this 16-year-old girl give a valid consent to a therapeutic abortion' She was competent to give a valid consent and her parents' wishes were not relevant. The Court stated that the parental right to make treatment decisions for a child terminates if and when the child achieves a sufficient understanding and intelligence to fully comprehend the proposed treatment (Backett, & Manyard, 2005). Many people all across world wouldn't accept some necessary evils like abortion or euthanasia. A social worker could have similar opinion built up by a socialization process that begins with the messages conveyed by parents and later in schools and peer groups. Its not something absolute but a result of the convolution that finally shapes ourselves. It also gets influenced by culture; conservative or modern and the mass media. But the actual strength of character gets displayed when we realize the fact that despite all some socially achieved values doesn't necessarily close any scope for conflicts. Its not something unusual if we find ourselves not in agreement with other people and their needs. For a social worker, there is a must to understand that the very nature of social work is that of rediscovering itself at difficult places and not just once but at many places, there would be significant level of clash between societal and personal value and need of the profession and code o f ethics. It may require a lot of

What is family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What is family - Essay Example With a stable relationship within the family setting, a healthy generation is created to develop the aspect in future generation. The family is formed based on the family values that accord roles to the members within the family. Each of the members is given defined roles to lead to a healthy relationship within the family. When the roles are completed and duties assigned according to the desired provisions, the members are accorded the opportunity to develop positive virtues towards future developments. The younger members of the family are accorded the opportunity to present similar fete to their own creations within the future generation. The stronger members of the family are accorded tougher roles as compared to the other members who are considered vulnerable to harsh environmental presentation. Pauline Erera in her writings explains these relationships in her book Family diversity to accord the family structure and the definition of the entity based on the contemporary values. Erera explains that the family setting and definition has changed in the modern society due to the changed roles of the members. The other aspect that has contributed to the change has been in the varied diversity evident within the setting. She lists that the families that have been developed have observed the role of protection of the members. The article lists the varied family types that have been created from lesbian families to single parent families (Erera 133). However, the article is based on the argument that the family should be based on the traditional values that had been noted to promote peaceful correlation and discipline. Through supportive evidence of the family values and the explanation of the changes in the family structure since the 1970s, Erera supports her claim of the growth within the family value. She explains that families with married couples had been diminishing from the 1970s due to the challenges of the society (Erera 118). The

Reading Level of Grade Three Pupils at Luis Mirasol Memorial School Essay Example for Free

Reading Level of Grade Three Pupils at Luis Mirasol Memorial School Essay The current issue being faced today by most educators is that during enrolment, some pupils who are promoted in Grade Three are still considered as non-readers. According to Arnold Peralta (2006), enabling the child to read in Grade 1 and 2, the primary grade is very necessary. It is in this stage that the habit of reading should be developed. If a child will not be able to read, understand what he reads and developed the habit of reading, he/she can hardly make it in the higher grades. According to Businessdictionary. com, reading grade level means number assigned to the level of complexity of a reading material, it equates to a given level of schooling, For example, a reading grade level of seven means the reading material is intended for a seventh grade student. In the field of education, this concept is very important in determining pupils’ progress in reading. According to Juan Miguel Luz (2007), Grade Three (10 years old) is a critical year in terms of formal schooling. Before School Year 2012-2023 preschooling is neither compulsory nor part of the package of free public education guaranteed by the Constitution, Grade Three marks the third full year of basic education for children who attend public elementary school and the year when the facility to read, write, and do the four operations of arithmetic with competence is expected. (Less than 20 percent of those who go to public elementary school actually attend a full year of preschool education). Dropping out before this grade level thus becomes a major contributor to the lack of functional literacy, which in turn has a negative impact on adults and their eventual work productivity. This is assuming, of course, that by the end of Grade 3 (or the third year of formal full-time schooling), the children’s competence in the three ‘Rs are being honed fully. But seeing it, that may not be happening in far too many schools. Furthermore, since they learned the basic skills in reading during their previous grades, they are expected to be a good reader when they reach Grade Three. However, there are many pupils who are still considered as non-readers. Stothard Hulme (1996) described reading as the interaction of two distinct processes, decoding and comprehension. For skilled readers decoding is a highly automated task. Skilled readers can focus their attention on comprehension of the novel material. Low ability readers typically have difficulties studying and learning from expository textual material (Helwig, Almond, Rozek-Tedesco, Tindal, Heath, 1999). Readers with robust verbal ability skills are more likely to analyze new information and draw inferences than their peers with low verbal ability. DepEd intensifies reading literacy in schools by enforcing the policy called â€Å"Every Child A Reader† (the Education Post Vol. 21, No. 1). Undersecretary Bacani said the new policy aims to make every Filipino child a successful reader at the end of Grade 3. The undersecretary is expecting that no pupil will be promoted to higher grades unless he or she manifests mastery of the basic literacy skills in a particular grade (Arnold Peralta,2006). The researchers presupposed factors to consider in eradicating or minimizing non- readers in every school. Among this are children who have spent less time in reading, their father and mother educational attainment, type of pre-school attended whether in public or private, and monthly family income. This is caused by the influence of the modern world, and parents’ inability to monitor the child’s progress because they are preoccupied with their chosen job. Some children choose to hang around malls, play computer or video games, or watch cartoons and consider reading as part of school activities that need to be forgotten during their spare time. (Arnold Peralta,2006) On the other hand, this is maybe caused by parent’s low educational attainment, and the absence of any reading and educational materials in their homes. According to Arnold Peralta (2006), the parents’ role is very important in helping increase their children’s habits. They must be involved in any activity to improve their children’s reading ability. That is why, in relation to this, the researchers aim to conduct a study that shall determine if such factors have indeed some kind of influence with the Reading Level of Grade Three pupils of Luis Mirasol Memorial School. Statement of the Problem This study will be conducted to determine the Reading Level of Grade Three Pupils at Luis Mirasol Memorial School. Specifically, this study aims to: 1. Describe the respondent’s socio-economic characteristics in terms of educational attainment of the father , educational attainment of the mother, and the monthly family income,type of pre-school attended, and number of hours spent in reading; 2. Determine the reading level of the respondents; 3. Determine if there is a relationship between the respondents’ socio-economic characteristics such as: educational attainment of a father, educational attainment of mother, monthly family income, and type of pre-school attended and number of hours spent in reading of the respondents. Research Hypotheses 1. There is no significant relationship between the respondents’ socio-economic characteristics such as: educational attainment of a father, educational attainment of mother, monthly family income, and type of pre-school attended, time spent in reading and the reading level. Theoretical Framework This study is based on various theories on reading level: According to the theory of reading as defined by (Henry,1986) that it must deal with wide range of issues and account for a wide range of behaviors and capabilities. Reading occurs when a child has developed sufficient decoding skills. Decoding is the ability to decipher printed words into meaningful spoken language. More specifically, decoding refers to the skill at which one is able to recognize sound, individual phonemes in a printed or written word and then length and those phonemes to form the sound of the word by (Adams 1990)NRP,2000;National Researcher Council,1998) Philip Gough and Wesley Hoover (1990) describe a theory called simple review of reading, a theory that supported that decoding is necessary for reading level success. This view asserts that weaknesses in reading decoding will result in weak reading. According to (Moats 1999, p5). Reading is the fundamental skill upon which all formal education depends. Research now shows that a child who does [not] learn the basics early is unlikely to learn them at all. Any child who does learn [not] to learn to read-early and will not easily master other skills  and knowledge and unlikely to ever flourish in schools or in life. According to (Kantawala, 1980) states that, the higher the socioeconomic status the better the reading attitude, according to him students of small size family had a more favourable reading attitude than those of large families. Due to the lack of independent reading student may not have developed the positive attitude towards reading. Conceptual Framework Reading level is one of the problems of teachers and parents with regards to their pupils and children. As parents become worried on the reading level of their sons and daughters many of them are unaware of the factors which may significantly affect such occurrence. These pupils on the other hand, who have delayed reading level, frequently, consider reading a task for them to study. In this study, Monthly family income, Preschool last attended, Time spent in reading serves as the Independent Variables while Reading level serve as the Dependent Variable. In terms of Monthly Family Income the researcher believe that those respondents with a higher monthly family income are expected to have a high reading level. In terms of Pre-school last attended, researchers believe that those pupils who obtain schooling in private pre-school than in public are expected to a have high reading level. In terms of Time spent in reading, the researchers believe that those who spent much time in reading are expected to have high reading level. Independent variable 1. Socio-economic characteristics * Educational attainment the father * Educational attainment the mother * Monthly family income 2. Type of school where pre-school education was obtained * Public * Private 3. Time spent in reading Dependent variable Reading Level Figure 1. A Schematic diagram showing the relationship between the Independent and Dependent Variables. Definition of Terms To establish a frame of understanding for both the researchers and readers to facilitate correct interpretation of the results of the study, the following term were defined: Educational Attainment of Father this pertains to the highest level of instruction, obtained in an institution of learning by the father. It is classified as elementary, high school or college. Educational Attainment of Mother this pertains to the highest level of instruction, obtained in an institution of learning by the mother. It is classified as elementary, high school or college. Monthly Family Income. This refers to the total gross income of the pupils family per month and is further classified into High (Php 5000 and above), Average (Php2500 and above), Low (1500 and below). Pre-school last attended. Type of school where pre-school education was obtained whether it is in Day Care Center or Pre-Elementary Public School. Time Spent in Reading. This refers to average time not less than 80 to 100 minutes of independent or shared reading per week by the pupils. Reading Level- reading will be measured by using the IRI assessment and the respondents will be ranked through Frustration level, Instructional Level, Independent Level. Scope and Limitation of the Study This study aims to determine the factors related to the Reading Level of Grade 3 pupils at Luis Mirasol Memorial School during the School Year 2012-2013. This study will be conducted at Luis Mirasol Memorial School for convenience of both the researchers and the respondents. The Grade 3 pupils were selected as respondents of this study. The information needed in this study will be gathered using a self-administered questionnaire structured by the researchers. Furthermore, the interview and questionnaire will use to test the reliability of the research instrument. This study would be more reliable if it covers a larger scope and if more respondents will be involved. But this will also mean more effort, time and money that the researchers despondently lack. Significance of the study. The results of this investigation are expected to be highly beneficial to the following: Central Philippine University—College of Education. As an educational institution that hones every individual to become successful professionals in the future, the problem would be beneficial to the College of Education for the outreach center in the field study, to plan out certain programs, and strategies for the Luis Mirasol Memorial School as a partnership of Central Philippine University. Luis Mirasol Memorial School. If this study proves to be beneficial as a means of basis and standards, teachers will be able to find new ways and strategies on how to improve the reading level of their pupils. Parents. As the legal guardians of the children, the results of this investigation would serve as a stimuli towards their awareness on the factors that affect the reading level of their children. Furthermore, this study would initiate them to be more involved to follow up their children at home with partnership to the teacher and open line communication for the development of their children. Elementary Pupils. Whenever proven that the mentioned factors have something to do with the Reading Level of the pupils, the pupils themselves can learn and even do something to counteract negative impact caused by such factors as to their reading skills. Researchers. The outcome and conclusions drawn from this study will be beneficial to other researchers as a guideline for future studies. Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Educational Attainment of both Parents and Reading Level Research on parenting also has shown that parent education is related to a warm, social climate in the home. Klebanov et al. (1994) found that both mothers’ education and family income were important predictors of the physical environment and learning experiences in the home but that mothers’ education alone was predictive of parental warmth. Likewise, Smith et al. (1997) found that the association of family income and parents’ education with children’s academic achievement was mediated by the home environment. The mediation effect was stronger for maternal education than for family income. Thus, these authors posited that education might be linked to specific achievement behaviors in the home (e. g. , reading, playing). Preschool Attended and Reading Level Preschool helps children to use their minds by knowing where the child means also knowing how his mind deals with the activities of the curriculum and other experiences in the early years. Mental operation most relevant for early education can be grouped into 3 major areas: perception, memory and problem solving. According to Maria Montessori, early education has an indispensable role in the whole personality of the child. The stage of human development from 0-6 years is the stage of the most absorbent mind and the critical period of a child. This stage is the most sensitive period in the life of the child that needed a wholesome, healthful and rich background. If a child fails in reading during the primary grades, his chances for success in any other academic area are greatly reduced. It is therefore essential that a pre-school program for children do all it can to ensure that the children will succeed in reading when they enter school. (http://onlineacademics. org/ReadingDiagnosis. html) Preschool improves childrens problem solving abilities for elementary school. Educational advocates recognize early childhood education, during the preschool years, as among the most enduring and beneficial services a community can provide for its children. Some parents choose to delay formal education until kindergarten, instead instructing their children in reading readiness tasks and offering enrichment classes at home. Children who arent offered these opportunities, whether at home or in a formal school setting, perform below their kindergarten classmates in reading and social readiness. (W. Steven Barnett; January 2006). According to a study by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, children who attended preschool scored at a higher reading level than children who did not attend preschool. Even if they couldnt read, exposure to reading, books and listening to stories resulted in higher levels of letter and number recognition. When introduced to numbers and letters during kindergarten, children who attended preschool already had conceptual and visual familiarity, making it easier for them to make sense of written words. This advantage in reading comprehension and ability continued through age 15. Time Spent in Reading and Reading Level. (U. S. Department of Education, 1986) have recently reiterated the assertion that time spent reading at school and at home is an important facet of a reading program. Despite the perceived importance of time spent reading, a number of studies have found that intermediate grade students spend relatively little time reading at school or at home. It has been well documented that, in general, the amount of time that students are engaged in academic tasks during the reading period at school is positively correlated with gains in reading achievement (Brophy Good,1986; Fisher et al. , 1980; Stallings Kaskowitz, 1974). At the same time, however, many activities besides silent reading occur during the reading period (Anderson et al. , 1985). Consequently, studies on general student engagement during the reading period do not provide direct evidence of a meaningful relationship between time spent on silent reading and reading achievement. A few studies have supported the assertion that time engaged in silent reading is an important determinant of elementary students reading achievement. Greaney (1980) found a positive relationship between the amount of time spent reading at home and the reading achievement of elementary-age children. In effect, the assertion that time engaged in silent reading at school and at home is important for childrens reading growth has little empirical support; the literature contains surprisingly few studies that have actually found significant relations between time engaged in silent reading and gains in reading achievement for intermediate grade students. In fact, Wilkinson et al. (1988) and Anderson et al. (1988) have recently bemoaned the paucity of evidence. Thus, in the present study we focus on the relationship between reading and achievement gains. We attempt to provide data directly relevant to the policy question of whether or not elementary teachers and administrators should advocate students devoting more time to silent reading at school and at home. Synthesis of Review of Related Literature The Related Literature presented above revealed that there are certain existing factors related to the Reading Level of the pupils in an educational institution. It was mentioned by Klebanov et al. (1994) that education of parents and family income were important predictors of the physical environment and learning experiences in the home. Likewise, Smith et al. (1997) found that the association of family income and parents’ education with children’s academic achievement was mediated by the home environment. The pre-school program for children do all it can to ensure that the children will succeed in reading when they enter school (Maria Montessori). This serve as a foundation to their basic learning during their elementary grades. The time spent on reading has been beneficial to children who read during their free time. It has been well documented that, in general, the amount of time that students are engaged in academic tasks during the  reading period at school is positively correlated with gains in reading achievement (Brophy Good,1986; Fisher et al. , 1980; Stallings Kaskowitz, 1974). Chapter III METHODOLOGY This chapter presents a description of the Research Design, locale of Study, Sampling Population, Research Instrument, Data Gathering Procedure and Data Analysis. Research Design The non –experimental Design, Specifically the One shot survey was used in this study since it is the most appropriate approach in collecting the prescribed data. This design is suitable for the collection of descriptive information about the population or subjects of the study. Moreover, the design requires data to be collected once and it also utilized when the objective is describe a situation or condition of a study population as it exist. Locale of the Study The data and information needed in this study was obtained at Luis Mirasol Memorial School, for the convenience of both the respondents and the researchers. The locale is also appropriate, as it can accommodate all the respondents of the study. Respondents of the Study. All of the Grade III pupils from Luis Mirasol Memorial School will be taken as respondents of this study. Census of the total population from the mention institution will be formally obtained with proper permission from the School’s Principal with the total 70 respondents. Data Gathering Instrument The information needed in this study will be gathered using self-administered questionnaire and to be structured by the researchers. It consists of four parts: The first part of the instrument will asks about the Educational Attainment of both Parents, the second part pertains to the  Family Income of the respondents, the third part will asks about the Type of Pre-school the respondent attended, and the fourth part is the number of hours that the respondents spent in reading. Data Processing and Analysis The data in this study will be subjected to computer processed statistics using the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) Program. A coding manual was prepared for easy facilitation of the data. In order to achieve the goals of the study, Descriptive Statistics which included the mean and Inferential Statistics which included the frequency count and percentage of the results was used. CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION The following are the results of our study conducted during the summer of 2012. We interviewed 53 students and the results show that when the respondents are grouped according to educational attainment of the father, the results are: Table 1. Distribution of Respondents According To Educational Attainment of the Father EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF THE FATHER| | Frequency (F)| Percent %| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| | Elementary| 4| 7. 5| 7. 5| 7. 5| | High School| 15| 28. 3| 28. 3| 35. 8| | College Level| 6| 11. 3| 11. 3| 47. 2| | College Graduate| 28| 52. 8| 52. 8| 100. 0| | Total| 53| 100.0| 100. 0| | In table 1, out of the 53 respondents, majority of their fathers are college graduate, 28 in total which comprise 52. 8% of the total population, followed by fathers who are high school graduates 15 in total, which comprise 28% of the total population. College level fathers and Elementary graduate are the bottom two, 6 and 4 in total respectively and comprise 11. 3% and 7. 5% of the total population. The data shows that the degree of educational attainment of mother does not affect the reading level of the pupils. Table 2. Distribution of Respondents According To Educational Attainment of the Mother  EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF THE MOTHER| | Frequency (F)| Percent %| Valid Percent %| Cumulative Percent %| | Elementary| 6| 11. 3| 11. 3| 11. 3| | High school| 15| 28. 3| 28. 3| 39. 6| | College level| 11| 20. 8| 20. 8| 60. 4| | College graduate| 21| 39. 6| 39. 6| 100. 0| | Total| 53| 100. 0| 100. 0| | In table 2, the data shows that out of the 53 respondents, majority of their mothers are college graduate, 21 in total which comprise 39. 6% of the total population, followed by mothers who are high school graduates 15 in total, which comprise 28. 3% of the total population. College level mothers and Elementary graduate are the bottom two, 11 and 6 in total respectively and comprise 20. 8% and 11. 3% of the total population. The data shows that the degree of educational attainment of mother does not affect the reading level of the pupils. According to____________________________________________? Table 3. Distribution of Respondents According to Monthly Income MONTHLY INCOME| | Frequency (F)| Percent %| Valid Percent %| Cumulative Percent %| | 5000 and above| 23| 43. 4| 43. 4| 43. 4| | 1501-4999| 20| 37. 7| 37. 7| 81. 1| | 1500 and below| 10| 18. 9| 18. 9| 100. 0| | Total| 53| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Out of the 53 respondents, majority of them have monthly net income above 5000, 23 in total which comprise 43. 4% of the total population, followed by those who have monthly income ranging from 1501 to 4999, 20 in total, which comprise 37. 7% of the total population, and lastly those who have monthly net income higher than 15000 comprised 18. 9% of the population, or 10 respondents. This data shows that According to Table 4. Distribution of Respondents According Type of Preschool Attended PRESCHOOL ATTENDED| | Frequency (F)| Percent %| Valid Percent %| Cumulative Percent %| | Public| 51| 96. 2| 96. 2| 96. 2| | Private| 2| 3. 8| 3. 8| 100. 0| | Total| 53| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Out of the 53 respondents, majority of them have finished their preschool in public schools, which comprise 51 respondents or 96. 2% of the entire population. The remaining 2 or 3. 8% went to private schools. This data shows that? __________________________ According to_______________________? Table 5. Distribution of Respondents According Time Spent in Reading TIME SPENT IN READING| | Frequency (F)| Percent %| Valid Percent %| Cumulative Percent %| | one hour a day| 26| 49. 1| 49. 1| 49. 1| | two hours a day| 5| 9. 4| 9. 4| 58. 5| | three hours a day| 2| 3. 8| 3. 8| 62. 3| | one hour in a week| 5| 9. 4| 9. 4| 71. 7| | three hours in a week| 2| 3. 8| 3. 8| 75. 5| | Less than one hour a week| 13| 24. 5| 24. 5| 100. 0| | Total| 53| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Out of the 53 respondents, majority of them spent one hour a day in reading, 26 in all or 49. 1%, followed by those who read less than an hour a week, 13 in all or 24. 5%. Those who read two hours a day and one hour a week are both tied which comprise 9. 4% of the population or 5 respondents in all. Same is in those who read three hours a day and three hours a week, both 2  respondents’ responds positively comprising 3. 8% of the population. This data shows that? __________________According to_______________? When grouped according to the raw scores in Filipino reading comprehension test we get the following results: SCORES IN FILIPINO| | Valid| 53| | Missing| 0| Mean| 78. 58| Median| 80. 00| Mode| 80| Std. Deviation| 4. 050| Minimum| 59| Maximum| 83| The range of the scores in Filipino exam is from 59 to 83, 59 being the lowest and 83 the highest, with a mean score of 78. 58, mode and median at 80 and with a standard deviation of 4. 050. (Complete table is shown in Appendix A Table 1) When grouped according to the raw scores in English reading comprehension test we get the following results: SCORES IN ENGLISH| | Valid| 53| | Missing| 0| Mean| 42. 21| Median| 44. 00| Mode| 43| Std. Deviation| 5. 749| Minimum| 17| Maximum| 49| The range of the scores in English exam is from 17 to 49, 17 being the lowest and 49 the highest, with a mean score of 42. 21, mode at 43 and median at 44 and with a standard deviation of 5. 749. (Complete table is shown in Appendix A Table 2) To test for correlation for father’s educational attainment in correlation to the respondents core in Filipino we get, the Spearman’s Rho to be . 093 with the significance of 0. 508. In terms for correlation between the mother’s educational attainments in correlation to the respondents score in Filipino we get the Spearman’s Rho to be -0. 21, with the significance of . 440. In terms of parents net monthly income in correlation to the respondents score in Filipino we get Spearman’s Rho of -. 013 with significance of . 464. In terms preschool attended in correlation to the respondents score in Filipino we get the Spearman’s Rho to be . 066, with the significance of . 321. In terms of time spent in reading in correlation to the respondents score in Filipino we get the Spearman’s Rho to be -0. 131, with the significance of . 176. To test for correlation for father’s educational attainment in correlation to the respondents score in English we get, the Spearman’s Rho to be . 086 with the significance of 0. 269. In terms of mother’s educational attainment in correlation to the respondents core in English we get, the Spearman’s Rho to be . 030 with the significance of 0. 415. In terms of monthly income in correlation to the respondents core in English we get, the Spearman’s Rho to be .015 with the significance of 0. 456. In terms of preschool attended in correlation to the respondent’s core in English we get, the Spearman’s Rho to be . 088 with the significance of 0. 265. In terms of time spent in reading in correlation to the respondent’s core in English we get, the Spearman’s Rho to be -. 114 with the significance of 0. 209. (complete table of correlation see Appendix A table 3. ) CHAPTER V CONCLUSION Based on the findings of the study the following conclusion was drawn: 1. Parent’s educational attainment, both mother and the father have no significant relationship with the scores both in English and Filipino. This means that the level educational attainment of the parents does not affects the scores in reading evaluation of the pupil. 2. Parent’s net monthly income has no significant relationship with the scores both in English and Filipino. This means that the net monthly income of the parents does not affect the scores in reading evaluation of the pupil. 3. The pre-school attended by the pupil has no significant relationship with the scores both in English and Filipino. This means that the preschool attended by the pupil does not affect the scores in reading evaluation of the pupil. 4. The pre-school attended by the pupil has no significant relationship with the scores both in English and Filipino. This means that the preschool attended by the pupil does not affect the scores in reading evaluation of the pupil. 5. The time spent by the pupil reading has no significant relationship with the scores both in English and Filipino. This means that the time spent by the pupil reading does not affect the scores in reading evaluation of the pupil. RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the foregoing findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are generalized: 1. Central Philippine University must take action and do more research as of what is the cause of the low reading level among Luis Mirasol Memorial School’s Grade III pupils. 2. Since there are no significant relationship between parent’s educational attainment, net monthly income and the reading level of a pupil, the parent’s must get involve in other ways in the pupil’s academe aside from the given two. 3. Researchers are recommended to find other factors that have probable relationship to reading level aside the factors given in this research. REFERENCES http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/reading-grade-level-RGL. html , Date retrieved: April 28, 2012 http:// indigo. ie/-sdblang/personal/papers. htm, Date retrieved: May 8, 2012 http://www. buzzle. com/articles/private-achools-vspublic-schools. html, Effects of Low Family Income on Children I eHow. com http:www. Ehow. com. /list _6195251-effects-low-family income children. html #ixzzluWkeyqBZ, Date retrieved: May 9, 2012 http://onlineacamemics. org/ReadingDiagnostisis. html, Date retrieved: May 11, 2012 The Philippine Journal of Education, Arnold Peralta (2006), Volume No. LXXXV, p. 243. Christian perspectives in education, Vol. 2, No. 2 Spring 2009.

Negative Effects of Media Violence on Society Essay -- Media Argumenta

Negative Effects of Media Violence on Society    Given the importance of social learning in contributing to violent behavior, we should pay careful attention to the kinds of role models we provide to one another. A powerful source of role models is located in almost every home: the television. Television is the source of more knowledge in the past several decades than any other type of knowledge distributor, such as books and news papers. It is by far the most influential invention of the twentieth century and has established more role models than radio or magazines combined. But to some the role models that are established through the media and television are not upstanding citizens like Ronald Reagan or Larry King, but instead psycopath murderers and serial killers such as David Koresh, Timmothy McVeigh and Charles Manson. Not only are people mesmerized by the media attention that these types of people receive but they are also taken away by the movies that portray the bad guys as tough fighters who can kill people w ith the snap of a finger. Stars such as Steven Segall, Juan Claude Van Damme, and Sylvester Stallone have done as much to the rise in violence because of the media exposure as the actual killers and murderers. "Violence seems to be something everybody feels they can recognize when they see it, yet it is difficult to define unambiguously. Many different definitions are now in use, and there is much disagreement about them.(Wober 41)" Violence is at an all time high because of the sales and publicity that it receives from the public. One of the biggest problems in this day and age is the violence in the media and on television. The media has taken the first amendment to an all new level b... ...ogress and Implications for the Eighties Vol. 1: Technical Reviews. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. 1982 4. National Institute of Mental Health. Television and behavior: Ten Years of Scientific Progress and Implications for the Eighties Vol. 2: Technical Reviews. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. 1982 5. Pearl, David. Violence and Aggresion: Television at the Crossroads. Society, Vol. 21, No. 6, 1984 6. Rowland, Willard D. The Politics of TV Violence. Beverly Hills, CA:Sage Publications, 1983 7. United States Government. Violence on Television. Report. House of Represenatives. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977. 8. Van der Voort, Tom H. Chidren and TV Violence: Perception and Experience. Swets and Zeitlinger, 1982. 9. Wurtzel, Alan. Television Violence and Aggresive Behavior. Et Cetera, June, 1977.

Georges Braque And Pablo Picasso Essay

The Frenchman Georges Braque (1882-1963) and the Spaniard Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) are considered the most influential artists of the twentieth century and the artistic geniuses who created and developed the cubist movement, undoubtedly the most revolutionary one in Western art. During a certain period of time, both artists worked together in the same studio breaking down subjects they painted into several facets and presenting their different aspects at the same time, experimenting with geometrical forms, and exploring unconventional techniques in painting all of which either shocked or impressed and interested the audience. Although Braque and Picasso’s partnership did not last for long and their artistic careers later went their own ways, the cubist movement they created and developed while working side by side in their Paris studio has influenced the whole generations of artists around the world (Mataev). Georges Braque Born in 1882 in Argenteuil-sur-Seine, France, Georges Braque attended the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Le Havre during 1897-1899 and then moved to Paris where he received his craftsman certificate. During 1902-1904, the young artist studied painting and worked at the Academie Humbert. Impressed by Matisse and Derain’s fauvist ideas, he produced and then presented his first fauve paintings in Paris’ Salon des Independants in 1907. By 1908, however, Braque lost interest in fauvism and adopted the artistic style that would be later called cubism (Georges Braque). In 1909, Braque started to work with Pablo Picasso and their fruitful partnership resulted in the development of the revolutionary cubist movement in painting. The styles that both of them adopted were quite similar for about two years during which they introduced collage elements into their works and experimented a lot with the pasted paper technique. In â€Å"Page # 2† his paintings, Braque explored the effects of light and perspective and challenged traditional artistic conventions of that time. His works of this period were characterized by neutral color and sophisticated patterns of form as it can be seen, for example, in his â€Å"Violin and Pitcher† (Georges Braque). The fertile partnership with Picasso ended in 1914 when Braque enrolled in the French army and went off to war. In 1915, he got severely wounded in one of the battles and after recovering in 1917 Braque resumed painting and began an artistic collaboration with Juan Gris (Georges Braque). After World War I, Braque’s style was characterized by more freedom, a richer color range, and the presence of human figures. He produced a considerable number of still lifes and rose to prominence particularly in 1922 after showing his paintings in the Salon d’Automne in Paris. By 1930, Braque interpreted nature more realistically although some aspects of the cubist style were still present in his paintings. After that, the artist produced many works including sculptures and graphics that became particularly somber during World War II (Georges Braque). During the 1950s, Braque depicted various themes including seascapes, landscapes, birds, and also made lithographs and designed jewelry. The great French artist died in August, 1963, in Paris after several years of suffering from health deterioration. Braque’s most known paintings include â€Å"Violin and Palette†, â€Å"Piano and Guitar†, â€Å"Guitar and Clarinet†, â€Å"The Table†, â€Å"The Round Table†, â€Å"The Day†, the â€Å"Studio† series, and many other works (Russell, 1982). Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso was born in 1881 in Malaga, Spain, where he lived until the age of ten. In 1892, Picasso began to attend the School of Fine Arts in La Coruna and then in 1895 he â€Å"Page # 3† entered the School of Fine Arts in Barcelona where he showed his first academic work â€Å"The First Communion† at a local exhibition. Picasso pursued his studies at the Royal Academy of San Fernando in Madrid, dropped out after only a couple of months, and began to visit the Prado where he copied the works of the old artists trying to imitate their styles. In 1900, Picasso opened a studio in Paris and the first painting he produced there was â€Å"Le Moulin de la Galette† (Mataev). Suicide committed by his friend and poet Casagemas in 1901 came as a great shock to Picasso influencing him to paint first the â€Å"Death of Casagemas† in color and then the â€Å"Death of Casagemas† in blue, and also â€Å"Evocation – the Burial of Casagemas†. At that period, the artist used predominantly green and blue and depicted despair, poverty, and unhappiness showing his restlessness and loneliness. The paintings that Picasso produced during 1901-1904 are known as the Blue Period works. The Rose Period, which was the next stage in his artistic career, started around 1905 when Picasso’s palette became lighter, and pink, rose, yellow, and beige were pervasive in his paintings in which he mostly portrayed graceful acrobats, circus performers, and harlequins. (Mataev; Pablo Picasso) Impressed with African ethnic art, Picasso began to combine its angular structures and his modern ideas about geometrical forms which, in 1907, resulted in the creation of â€Å"Les demoiselles d’Avignon†, his first cubist painting. Picasso and his new friend Braque explored the possibilities of the new artistic style and in the beginning their paintings could not be easily distinguished. 1909 saw the beginning of the painter’s analytical cubism whose main characteristics, faceted stereo-metric shapes, can be seen in his â€Å"Bread and Fruit Dish on a Table† or â€Å"Woman with Pears†. After the exhaustion of analytical cubism, Picasso experimented with collages which lead to the arrival of synthetic cubism: works with large, schematic patterns as it can be seen in â€Å"The Guitar† (Mataev; Hughes, 1998). â€Å"Page # 4† After the cubist period in Picasso’ artistic career came the Classicist period with rather traditional patterns such as in â€Å"The Lovers†. But during this period he occasionally returned to cubism and in 1921 produced â€Å"Three Musicians†, one of his most important masterpieces. Picasso’s classicist paintings also include â€Å"The Pipes of Pan†, â€Å"Women Running on the Beach†, and â€Å"The Seated Harlequin†. After that, Picasso was greatly influenced by the surrealist movement and produced â€Å"His Woman with Flower† and several other interesting paintings. In 1937, he expressed his personal view of the tragic events in the Basque province that was bombed by Germans in his huge mural work â€Å"Guernica† and in â€Å"Weeping Woman†. While living in his villa near Cannes, in 1956 Picasso painted his â€Å"Studio â€Å"La Californie† at Cannes† and â€Å"Jackeline in the Studio†. Then he moved to the Chateau Vauvenargues where he lived and painted until his death in 1973 (Mataev). â€Å"Still Life with a Guitar† and â€Å"Mandolin, Fruit Bowl, Bottle, and Cake† Both Pablo Picasso’s painting â€Å"Mandolin, Fruit Bowl, Bottle, and Cake† and Georges Braque’s painting â€Å"Still Life with a Guitar† were produced in 1924 in France and are now located in the European Modern Paintings section of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Both works are still lifes with the presence of cubist elements, are painted in oils on canvas, and each of them represents a certain stage in Picasso and Braque’s artistic careers. If during 1909-1914 both artists worked side by side to create cubism and their styles and paintings were mostly indistinguishable, in 1924, however, when the above mentioned works were produced, the divergence in Picasso and Braque’s cubist ideas could be easily seen in their paintings (Mataev). While Picasso’s still life â€Å"Mandolin, Fruit Bowl, Bottle, and Cake† is composed of only man-made objects (a cake, a fruit bowl, a bottle, and a mandolin), Braque’s painting â€Å"Still Life with a Guitar† depicts both man-made (a pipe, a jug, sheet music, a cup, a fruit bowl, and a guitar) and natural (pears placed next to sheet music and in the fruit bowl) â€Å"Page # 5† objects. The presence of musical instruments and fruit bowls in both paintings invokes some common themes or at least it makes the viewers think of them when they look at them for the first time. The main objects in both paintings are placed on tablecloths spread in a different manner on what appears to be tables. The objects in Braque’s picture are much smaller than those in Picasso’s work in which the size of some of them is somewhat disproportionate when compared to other objects. Braque and Picasso use space in their paintings in an entirely different way. There is quite a bit of space between the objects located in the foreground of Picasso’s still life and the viewer can easily see their whole forms. By contrast, in Braque’s paintings the objects in the foreground seem to be concentrated closely to each other in one place and parts of some of them are hidden by other objects. The use of space by Picasso gives the audience the impression of more freedom and ease while Braque seems to impose certain limits in movement and space. In Picasso’s painting, the viewer’s attention is first attracted by the main four objects in the foreground, and then by the objects and forms located in the background, particularly by what appears to be a wall and part of a window. By contrast, it seems that Braque’s intention is to concentrate the viewer’s attention only on the objects that can be seen in the foreground. He does not provide any detail as to what is in the background as though he does not want to divert the audience’s attention from the center of interest of the painting. Another important difference between the paintings as far as the objects and their forms are concerned is that Braque’s work is much more realistic than Picasso’s. Except for the window in the background, Picasso seems to depict in his picture not the objects such as the cake or fruit bowl but rather the shapes that invoke those objects. What attracts the â€Å"Page # 6† viewer’s attention in particular is the flatness of the forms of Picasso’s objects that are defined by lines. Although some parts and forms of his objects are disproportionate, Braque’s objects, however, are unambiguous and closer to reality. The use of color is another important characteristic that distinguishes Picasso’s painting from Braque’s work. In Picasso’s â€Å"Mandolin, Fruit Bowl, Bottle, and Cake† bright and vivid colors are predominant and much brighter and richer than those in Braque’s â€Å"Still Life with a Guitar† conveying to the viewer a light and pleasant mood. By contrast, the somber aspect of Braque’s painting whose color range varies from dark brown to dark beige makes the viewer impressed with its gloom and sadness. In Picasso’s picture, the general color range of objects in the foreground is slightly more somber compared to the color range in the background. By contrast, in Braque’s work, the relatively somber objects in the foreground are placed against an even darker background. The only bright-colored objects in this picture seem to be sheet music and a pipe appearing incongruous to a certain extent against the backdrop of its general color range. Another distinctive characteristic is the color of the objects themselves. Except for the window in the background, the color of most objects in Picasso’s painting is plain, for example, a plain dark red bottle, a plain bright yellow fruit bowl, and so on. Braque, by contrast, adds to the color of every object thick brush-strokes of black as if to emphasize the somber mood of the painting. There is also some difference in how the artists paint the objects in the pictures with their brushes. In Picasso’s â€Å"Mandolin, Fruit Bowl, Bottle, and Cake† the paint is applied thinly in most areas, although in some places it is quite thick. In â€Å"Still Life with a Guitar† Braque’s bold brushwork is pervasive. REFERENCES: 1. Georges Braque. Retrieved May 10, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www. mcs. csuhayward. edu/~malek/Braque. html 2. Hughes, R. (1998, June 8). Pablo Picasso. Time magazine. Retrieved May 10, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www. time. com/time/time100/artists/profile/picasso. html 3. Mataev, Y. Pablo Picasso. Retrieved May 10, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www. abcgallery. com/P/picasso/picassobio. html#Between 4. Pablo Picasso. Retrieved May 10, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www. artchive. com/artchive/P/picasso. html 5. Russell, J. (1982, January 17). Rediscovering Georges Braque in his Centenary Year. New York Times on the Web. Retrieved May 10, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://query. nytimes. com/gst/fullpage. html? res=990DE5DB1138F934A25752C0A964948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all

Cannabis and Food Service Essay

Introduction I.Attention-Grabbing introduction: According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, a recent government survey shows that over 98 million Americans over the age of 12 have tried marijuana at least once in their lifetime. II.Preview of 3 Main Points: Today I am going to give you information about marijuana legalization. There are three main points to touch on. First, what is marijuana and how does it affect humans. Second, when and why did marijuana become illegal? Third and finally, I will speak about the trend of states legalizing marijuana for medical purposes. Thesis/Specific Purpose Statement: Using these three points, I am going to attempt to inform you about marijuana and the movement to legalize it. Body I.Point One: What is marijuana and how does it affect humans? A.Sub-point A: According to WebMD, marijuana, or cannabis sativa, is a naturally occurring plant that contains several psychoactive ingredients, including delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). B.Sub-point B: When THC reaches the brain, it induces relaxation and a feeling of euphoria. It also typically heightens the senses and relieves pain. Transition Now that we know what marijuana is, let’s look at when and why it became illegal in the United States. II.Point Two: When did marijuana become illegal in the United States? A. Sub-point A: According to an article published in Fortune magazine, marijuana has been utilized by human civilizations for thousands of years. It has been a part of western medicine since the early 19th century. B. Sub-point B: Starting in the early 1900’s, states began outlawing cannabis because it had become associated with violence and psychosis. C. Sub-point C: In 1937, through the Marihuana Tax Act, the federal government effectively outlawed marijuana, in spite of objections by the American Medical Association. Transition: So, we have looked at what marijuana is, as well as when it became illegal in the United States. Let’s finally look at the current trend of states legalizing marijuana for medicinal purposes. III.Point Three: More and more states are enacting legislation that legalizes medical marijuana. A. Sub-point A: According to the USA Today, when New Jersey passed medical marijuana legislation in 2010, it became the 14th state to legalize marijuana in some form. B. Sub-point B: In addition to this, there are another 14 states that are currently considering legislation that will either legalize medical marijuana or decriminalize possession of personal amounts. Conclusion A.Summary Statement / 3 main points & thesis: In review, first we looked at what marijuana is as well as its effects on the human brain, second we saw when and how marijuana was prohibited in the U.S. and third, we looked at the growing number of states that have legalized or decriminalized marijuana. B.Statement tying introduction to conclusion: With a large portion of Americans having tried marijuana, and more and more states considering legislation, it seems that the time has come for a serious debate about the legality of marijuana. Sample Outline Goal: To convince listeners that the often-criticized Campus Food Service is really quite good. Introduction I. How many times have we, as students, complained about Campus Food Service and decided to order in or go out after having previewed that day’s menu? II. By showing how the Food Service on campus keeps costs to a minimum, keeps offering a good variety, and keeps maintaining high quality standards, I am going to prove that Campus Food Service is the best meal program for students. Thesis/Specific Purpose Statement: Campus Food Service is vastly underrated. Body I.Cost is not a valid complaint. A. According Myer Tempel, an outside review company, no one is getting rich off Food Service, since proceeds are divided among utilities, labor, wages, and the cost of food. B. An informal survey shows that Campus Food is comparable in price to local restaurants. Transition: Now that we’ve talked about the cost of the food, let’s move to quality of the food itself. II.Taste is not a valid complaint. A. According to Matt Davis, the Campus Foods coordinator, and supported by Myer Tempel, all foods served are Grade A, fresh daily, and never reused under any circumstances. B. Every Friday night, Campus Foods has an â€Å"international dinner night,† taking us from Latin America to Italy to China. Transition: In addition to preferring tasty food, students also wish for a variety of foods to choose from. III.Lack of variety is not a valid complaint. A. Every day, Food Service offers three entrees and a vegetarian meal, not to mention a salad bar option, breads, soups, and a dessert bar. B. Although Food Service serves a lot of chicken and fish, Myer Tempel says this is because students have requested healthier sources of protein. Conclusion: I. Through consistent efforts to charge students a low price, maintain fresh, tasty standards, and offer a wide variety of food, Campus Food Service is a fair, affordable way for students at the university to dine. II. We are just left with one problem: now that we know all the benefits of eating at Food Service, what are we going to complain about at dinner?

The Class and Caste of Maycomb County Essays

The Class and Caste of Maycomb County Essays The Class and Caste of Maycomb County Paper The Class and Caste of Maycomb County Paper Essay Topic: Literature I think theres just one kind of folks. Folks. (Lee 227). The existence of a superior and inferior stratification in societies are due to economic status, social status, and skin color between the white and black race as demonstrated in To Kill a Mockingbird (Symkowski). Today, this process of identification, while also functioning at the individual level, works itself out at the level of whole groups of people who judge themselves better or worse than other groups, not only in terms of economic property, but also on the basis of such characteristics as skin color, gender, education, sexuality, etc. That each society has such a categorical list is without doubt and Maycombs society was no different. There was indeed a caste system in Maycomb (131). Maycomb County was based on three main classes and a caste: the prestigious and rich of the post-depression era, pursued by the white workers which consisted primarily of farmers, who in turn were followed by what could only be described as white trash. The caste of Maycomb was the Negroes. Roughly translated, Jem tried to make Scout understand that theres four kinds of folks in the world. Theres the ordinary kind like us and the neighbors, theres the kind like the Cunninghams out in the woods, the kind like the Ewells down at the dump, and the Negroes. The thing about it is, our kind of folks dont like the Cunninghams, the Cunninghams dont like the Ewells, and the Ewells hate and despise the colored folks (226). The esteemed townsfolk were the Finches, Radleys, Dolphus Raymond, Miss Maudie Atkinson, Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose, Miss Stephanie Crawford, and Miss Rachel Haverford because they lived on the main residential street in town (6). Atticus Finch was perhaps the most powerful character in the novel. a hero figure, a model to the community, as well as his two children, who will surely follow in his footsteps (Symkowski). He is sincere and very straightforward. if Atticus Finch drank until he was drunk he wouldnt be as hard as some mean are at their best (Lee 45). As Scout recalls, Miss Maudie Atkinson lived one door down from us (16) as she was a Maycomb County inhabitant, the daughter of a neighboring landowner. Mrs. Henry Lafayette Duboses house (was) two doors down to the north Radley place three doors to the south (6). Miss Stephanie Crawford was described as a neighborhood scold (7) and gossip, which became visible because she was just following her ancestors. No Crawford Minds His Business (131). Last but not least, the Finches next door neighbor was Miss Rachel Haverford. These were the people the town trusted, especially Atticus Finch, with the exception of Dolphus Raymond. It seemed as if Judge Taylor asked him to defend Tom Robinson because the town trusted him to and as Jem later points out in the novel Atticus pends his time doin things that wouldnt get done if nobody did em (116). Dolphus Raymond was the town scandal, always drinkin out of a sack (160). He lived a scandalous life, way down near the county line where he resided with a colored woman and all sorts of mixed chillun (161-62). It was the opinion of the townspeople that these children must be real sad because they belonged nowhere, being neither black nor white. Interestingly, while Lee offered no contradiction to the opinion that Mayella has sinned gravely by kissing a black man, Dolphus character is portrayed as far more sympathetic (Baecker). The white workers of Maycomb included the Cunninghams, the Littles, Mr. Aavery, Ms. Caroline, Mr. Deas, Mr. Gilmer, Sheriff Tate, and Mr. Underwood. The Cunninghams never took anything they cant pay back and they were described as country folk farmers (Lee 20-21). The Littles were represented through Little Chuck Little, one of Scouts classmates who stood up to Burris Ewell in defense of Ms. Caroline. Mr. Aavery was a boarder at the house across from Mrs. Duboses. Mr. Deas was Tom and Helen Robinsons employer. The state attorney representing the Ewells was Mr. Gilmer. Maycombs sheriff who accompanied Atticus to kill the mad dog and who delivered the news about Bob Ewell was Sheriff Heck Tate. Mr. Braxton Bragg Underwood was the owner, editor, and printer of The Maycomb Tribune. Although he openly disliked blacks, he defended Toms right to a fair trial (Symkowski). The white trash of Maycomb was the Ewells. The Ewells knew that they were the lowest of the low amongst the whites in Maycomb. They had no money, no education, and no breeding (Baecker). The single thing that elevated them at any level in the community was the fact that they were white. All the little man on the witness stand had that made him any better than his nearest neighbors was, that if scrubbed with lye soap in very hot water, his skin was white (Lee 171). Like most people in similar situations, Bob and Mayella wanted to better their station in life (Symkowski). However, Bob was unwilling to put forth the effort necessary to change his familys lot and Mayella did not have the resources to change her own life. The Ewells lived behind the town garbage dump in what was once a Negro cabin (Lee 170). Bob Ewell drank up all the welfare money and was allowed to hunt out of season so his children did not go hungry. Mr. Ewells incestuous relationship with Mayella, the driving force behind her desire to make loving contact with someone else, even if that person is a black man, is mentioned only in passing in the novel. The incestuous relationship of a white trash man with his white trash daughter is a part of the novel often glossed over by scholars who probably find it unremarkable anyway, as if to say, what else can be expected from people living so close to Negroes (Baecker). The caste of Maycomb included the Negroes of the town even though some were educated and morally and economically above the Ewells. The Negroes mentioned the most in the novel were Tom Robinson, Calphurnia, her son Zeebo, and Reverend Sykes. Calphurnia, the Finches housekeeper, grew up at Finchs Landing and moved with Atticus to Maycomb. She was the closest thing to a mother that Jem and Scout had. Calphurnia was also one of the few Negroes who could read and write. Zeebo was the town garbage collector and hes one of the four people who can read at the First Purchase African M. E. Church. Reverend Sykes was the pastor at the First Purchase African M. E. Church. This notion that education makes racism disappear is a common myth (Baecker). Racism was commonly ascribed to poor white trash as though those of the middle and upper classes (who possess more education) have nothing to do with it. The most prominent Negro figure in the novel was Tom Robinson. The trial of Tom Robinson is a significant part of the text, even if the trial itself occupies only fifteen percent of the novel (Symkowski). What may be more significant than the number of pages devoted to the actual trial may be the way in which Lee has constructed the novel so as to compress the issue of race into a tightly constrained portion of the book, bounded on either side by tales of unfairness and prejudice. The injustice that an all-white jury had invoked upon Tom Robinson and then his being shot seventeen times was the extent of the racism in the post-Depression era. The more sophisticated white people in Maycomb at least tried to pretend that their prejudices did not run so deep, but such was not the case with Bob Ewell. Tom only recognized Mayella as a person in need and he paid dreadfully. Todays equivalent of Tom Robinson is the welfare recipient (Baecker). Mention welfare recipient to most people and the image which will spring to their minds is that of the welfare queen: overweight, black, female, uneducated, slovenly, and surrounded by a passel of equally dirty, ignorant children. A society is made of its eloquent people and every person should be cared for equivalently.